Best evidence across studies

Dark energy: measured acceleration, unknown cause

Accelerated cosmic expansion is securely measured and ΛCDM remains strongly supported, but the physical mechanism behind dark energy is unknown and some independent measurements remain in tension.

Urolithin A: plausible healthy-aging effects, unproven longevity

Mechanistic, cellular, and animal evidence supports biological plausibility, but durable improvements in human function or survival have not been demonstrated.

AFB1 genotoxicity: persistent DNA lesions drive mutation risk

Metabolic activation produces reactive DNA adducts, especially persistent FAPy lesions; carcinogenic risk depends on lesion type, repair, replication, and clonal selection rather than adduct count alone.

Th1 immunity: protective in infection, inflammatory in excess

IFN-γ-centered Th1 responses can improve control of some intracellular microbes, while excessive or misdirected activity is associated with tissue inflammation and disease.

PFK-1 regulation: ATP slows glycolysis, F-2,6-BP restores flow

High ATP inhibits PFK-1 through negative feedback, whereas fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates the enzyme and can counter ATP’s brake; structural and biochemical studies support the interaction.