Across two fruiting seasons, shrub habitat association is linked to fruiting phenology: the understorey-associated shrubs have earlier fruit availability (correlations reported as R=0.89, P=0.007 in 1998; R=0.91, P=0.005 in 1999).
Birds then show a parallel seasonal habitat shift (significant time×habitat interaction: F(14,140)=3.349, P<0.001), being more abundant in the understorey early and the edge later.
Finally, seed deposition differs by habitat across later census intervals, aligning with the habitat shift in bird abundance (edges receiving more seeds in census periods 2–4 with χ² tests reported significant in those intervals).
The evidence is correlational and the authors explicitly note causal ambiguity (“chicken-and-egg”): the observed pattern could reflect birds shaping plant distribution (habitat shaping) or birds tracking fruit phenology (resource tracking), and the study lacks recruitment-level outcomes to adjudicate directionality.
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