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    Ras codon-focused graphs (KRAS vs NRAS; codons 12 vs 61)
    Your request says β€œcodon bias”, but the provided research data does not contain genome-wide synonymous-codon-usage (tRNA/translation) measurements. Instead, it contains codon-level mutation distributions (e.g., KRAS G12* vs KRAS Q61*) in specific cohorts. So the graphs below are mutation-codon enrichment for KRAS at codons 12 and 61, derived only from the included datasets.
    Graph 1 β€” Human metastatic CRC cohort: KRAS codon 12 vs 61 counts
    Source cohort (n=100 metastatic CRC patients resistant to EGFR-targeted therapy): KRAS mutations were reported by codon as codon 12: 36, codon 13: 2, codon 61: 8, codon 117: 2, codon 146: 2 (total KRAS-mutated cases: 48).
    Graph 2 β€” Mouse hemangiosarcoma model: KRAS codon 12 vs 61 mutation counts by exposure
    In B6C3F1 mouse hemangiosarcomas:
    • riddelliine group (n=12 hemangiosarcomas): K-ras codon 12 mutations were reported as 7.
    • o-nitrotoluene group (n=15): K-ras codon 61 mutation was reported as 1.
    • spontaneous controls (n=15): no K-ras/p53/beta-catenin mutations were reported.
    Graph 3 β€” Human CRC cohort context (codon-level mutation spectra in colorectal cancer)
    Another included colorectal-cancer computational analysis reports multiple KRAS G12 substitutions (codon 12/13 region) and indicates codon-12–dominant patterns (e.g., G12D, G12V, G12C) and cancer-context differences (MSS vs MSI/hypermutated), but it does not provide codon 61 counts in the provided extracted fields. Therefore, it cannot be used to build a faithful codon-12 vs codon-61 KRAS-vs-NRAS plot without additional codon-61 mutation counts.
    KRAS vs NRAS and β€œcodon bias”: what the current evidence can and cannot support
    • Supported by the provided raw extracts: KRAS codon 12 mutations are more frequent than KRAS codon 61 mutations in the included human metastatic CRC cohort resistant to EGFR therapy (36 vs 8 cases).
    • Not supported / missing in the provided extracts: any NRAS codon-12 vs codon-61 quantitative distribution for the requested comparison. The extracted metastatic CRC text reports NRAS mutations in only 1 patient but does not specify the codon for that single NRAS mutation.
    • β€œCodon bias” mechanism caution: mutation distributions at codons 12/61 are not the same as synonymous codon usage bias for translation. The supplied papers do not contain codon-usage (synonymous) metrics; so a mechanistic β€œcodon bias” claim would be an overreach beyond the available data.
    • Model limitations: the mouse model data involve different exposures and small n per group, and the human data are from a therapy-resistant subsetβ€”both can shift mutation spectra relative to general population tumors.
    Follow-up BGPT actions (to fully answer β€œKRAS vs NRAS codon 12 vs 61”)
    If you want a complete KRAS-vs-NRAS codon-12 vs codon-61 plot, we need datasets that explicitly quantify NRAS codon 12 and NRAS codon 61 (or codon-level mutation tables) from the provided sources.


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    Updated: April 19, 2026

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    It will extract codon-level mutation counts for KRAS and NRAS at codons 12 and 61 from all provided sources, reconcile cohort-specific denominators, and output Plotly-ready frequency tables and KRAS-vs-NRAS codon graphs.



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