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The single supplied source, a narrative review of hydrogen as an energy carrier, reports that water electrolysis requires a minimum of 39.4 kWh per kg of hydrogen at full conversion efficiency, rising to up to 50 kWh per kg in typical electrolyzers . It contains no quantitative water-consumption values (L per kg H2) and no desalination energy or water-yield data.
What is missing to perform the meta-analysis: (1) stoichiometric and process-level water feed rates for alkaline, PEM, and SOEC electrolyzers; (2) desalination water yield and energy penalty (e.g., reverse osmosis kWh per m3); (3) cooling-water demands; and (4) multiple primary studies for pooled estimates. The sole record's own limitations — non-systematic search, US-centric cost framing, low reproducibility score — preclude pooling. Confirming or refuting any water-intensity conclusion requires primary LCA or techno-economic studies not present here.
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