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     Long Response


    Visualizing Spatial Distribution of Arachidonic Acid and PGE2 in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

    Immediate visuals (synthetic example maps reflecting published spatial trends)

    Below are two interactive Plotly heatmaps that demonstrate the spatial patterns reported in the literature: lower AA within lesion cores compared with perilesional white matter, and locally elevated PGE2 synthesis relative to AA (increased PGE2/AA ratio) within lesions. These are illustrative maps built to match reported regional effects and to help scientists plan analysis pipelines and visual interpretation. The maps are explicitly synthetic examples (not raw patient-level MSI values) and are labelled as such so users can replace the arrays with experiment data when available.

    Key claims and evidence
    • MS lesions show reduced arachidonic acid (AA) levels compared with nonlesional white matter and nonneurological controls
    • PGE2 production relative to AA (PGE2/AA ratio) is increased within lesion areas, suggesting local upregulation of prostaglandin synthesis from a smaller substrate pool
    • Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is the primary technology enabling these spatial lipid maps in intact tissue sections; adoption requires careful calibration, internal standards, and spatial registration to histology
    How to use these visuals
    1. Swap synthetic arrays with your MSI intensity arrays for AA and PGE2 mapped to the same pixel grid.
    2. Compute PGE2/AA per-pixel ratio after applying thresholding and correction for zero/near-zero AA (add small epsilon to denominator).
    3. Overlay ratio maps with histology or lesion masks (FLAIR/T1 core masks) to quantify lesion vs peri-lesion distributions.

    Plotly code block (embedded, loads immediately)

    Detailed explanation and methodological notes (evidence-cited)

    What the published data support

    Mass spectrometry imaging performed on postmortem MS white matter shows a reproducible pattern where AA signal is decreased inside lesions relative to peri-lesional white matter and non-neurological control tissue, while the PGE2/AA per-pixel ratio is increased inside lesions β€” interpreted as enhanced local prostaglandin biosynthesis from a smaller AA substrate pool and local induction of prostaglandin synthases and receptors in microglia-rich regions

    Methodological caveats you must account for
    • MSI intensities are influenced by ionization efficiency, matrix effects, and local tissue composition; absolute quantitation requires isotope-labelled internal standards and response factor corrections
    • Postmortem interval, lipid oxidation, and tissue handling can alter AA and oxylipin levels; design studies with matched PMI, rapid freezing, and parallel histology to annotate lesion boundaries
    Suggested analysis pipeline for real MSI data
    1. Register MSI pixel grid to histology (FLAIR/T1 lesion masks) to define lesion core, rim, and perilesional zones
    2. Normalize per-pixel intensities using internal standards or apply class-specific response factors; for ratio maps compute PGE2/AA after denominator stabilization (epsilon) and mask out low-signal pixels to avoid artifacts
    3. Statistically compare lesion core versus perilesion and control regions using paired tests and spatially-aware models (mixed effects or permutation testing across pixels to account for spatial autocorrelation) and report effect sizes with confidence intervals rather than only p-values.
    Where to get supporting datasets

    If you need transcriptomic support for enzyme/receptor expression that complements MSI, the following public datasets may be useful: bulk and single-cell datasets examining PGE2 responses or PGE2-modulated immune cells. Example resources: RNA-seq of bone marrow neutrophils treated with IL1b/IL6/PGE2 which can help model PGE2 transcriptional programs (mouse)

    Reproducibility note

    These figures are synthetic examples intended to be replaced with actual MSI-derived arrays; they reproduce directional effects reported in peer-reviewed spatial MSI work and are provided to make data-visualization pipelines and interpretation decisions easier and less error-prone. All biological claims above are backed by inline citations to the spatial MSI study and methodological lipidomics literature.



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    Updated: January 04, 2026

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     Analysis Wizard



    Preparing code to load MSI pixel arrays, apply internal standard normalization, compute PGE2/AA ratio with epsilon stabilization, and perform lesion-versus-perilesion permutation testing using the E-MTAB-12367 RNA-seq for PGE2 response signatures.



     Science Art


    Create Graphs: Spatial Distribution of AA and PGE2 in MS Lesions Science Art

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