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The paper, "Assessing group size and the demographic composition of unhabituated northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) using non-invasive biomonitoring", presents an integrative approach, combining arboreal camera trapping and genetic tagging methodologies to assess key demographic attributes for conservation purposes Paper methodology and findings.

Methodological Overview

• Arboreal Camera Trapping: The study employed camera traps deployed in the canopy 24 hours a day, capturing both photographs and videos to record temporal events and group compositions. This method yielded a total of 948 records across 2613 days, resulting in group size estimates of 40 individuals at the VA site and 23 at the VSM site Camera trapping details.
• Genetic Tagging: The researchers collected 60 faecal samples for genetic tagging. This approach yielded slightly varied group size estimates; notably, while one group was under-estimated relative to camera trapping (providing only 56.5% of camera estimates for group VSM), it gave higher estimates for the alternate group. Challenges acknowledged include the difficulty in collecting samples from immature individuals and higher laboratory processing costs Genetic tagging details.

Key Findings and Implications

The comparative analysis indicates that while arboreal camera trapping generally yields higher group size estimates and is more cost-effective over the long term, genetic tagging offers complementary data that can refine demographic assessments. The study importantly notes that both methods, despite inherent limitations, may be jointly leveraged for systematic monitoring in challenging field environments Combined method analysis.

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths: The dual-method approach offers a more comprehensive understanding of population dynamics, and the use of non-invasive techniques minimizes disturbance to the sensitive, critically endangered species. The integration of both methods enhances data reliability and informs cost-benefit decisions regarding long-term ecological monitoring.

Limitations: Noteworthy limitations include potential biases in genetic sampling, particularly in underrepresenting immature individuals, and logistical challenges in standardizing camera trap-derived temporal events. Additionally, environmental factors inherent to canopy ecosystems may limit the generalizability of results .

Visualization of Extracted Data

Recommendations

The authors advocate a combined monitoring strategy where the strengths of each method can compensate for the other's weaknesses. This recommendation is particularly valuable for conservation programs targeting elusive, arboreal species in challenging ecosystems.